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Mining

• Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam.
• Miners operate equipment to excavate, load and transport coal, ore, mineral sand and rock, either underground or in open-cut mines.
• Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, oil shale, rock salt, tin, uranium, and molybdenum. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined.
• Underground miners travel down vertical shafts or sloping declines to reach the work face.
• Open-cut and surface miners extract the mineral ore using mining machines, drilling and blasting methods, ripping (e.g. by bulldozer) or dredging.